Notice that the figure presents these systems from the bottom up, indicating that the operational, or lowest, level of the organization is supported by TPS, and the strategic, or highest, level of semistructured and unstructured decisions is supported by ESS, GDSS, and CSCWS at the top. The variety of information systems that analysts may develop is shown in the figure below. Group decision support systems (GDSS) and the more generally described computer-supported collaborative work systems (CSCWS) aid group-level decision making of a semistructured or unstructured variety. On the strategic level of management we find executive support systems (ESS).
Expert systems apply the expertise of decision makers to solve specific, structured problems. Higher-level systems include management information systems (MIS) and decision support systems (DSS). Transaction processing systems (TPS) function at the operational level of the organization office automation systems (OAS) and knowledge work systems (KWS) support work at the knowledge level. Information systems are developed for different purposes, depending on the needs of human users and the business.
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